Evolution of Public Attitudes About Mental Illness a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Purpose

In the recent years, it was possible to observe two trends: First, there has been a trend to greater mental health literacy, in particular towards a biological model of schizophrenia. Secondly, an increase in public acceptance of professional help and psychiatric handling has been observed in western countries. This indicates that the societal thought almost mental illness and how it can be treated has changed. Yet, no changes or even changes to the worse occurred regarding the attitudes towards those suffering from the illness, especially concerning schizophrenia. Thus, the question arises every bit to whether similar trends can also be found in Austria.

Methods

We use data from two representative population surveys in Austria, conducted 1998 (n = 1042) and 2018 (n = 1010) using contiguous interviews, the same sampling procedure, interview manner, and interview schedule.

Results

The information prove that today Austrians tend to opt less frequently for genetic factors and chronic stress as causes of schizophrenia than xx years ago. In that location were merely slight changes regarding intended start help-seeking deportment except for a stronger endorsement of lay assistance. The believe in an constructive handling of schizophrenia has increased significantly and there was a marked tendency towards preference of medication over psychotherapy. Social acceptance of people with schizophrenia has increased, but also the ascription of violence.

Conclusion

In summary, the evolution of attitudes and beliefs concerning schizophrenia in Austria shows a rather inconsistent pattern and differs to some extent from what has been observed in other western countries. This is important to know when planning sensation-raising or stigma-reducing initiatives.

Introduction

In the recent years, studies examining time trends of public attitudes and beliefs about mental disorders in general, and specifically schizophrenia, take been carried out in several western countries. Those captured several different trends, which were summarized in a meta-assay of vignette-based trend studies [1]. The identified studies featured national representative population samples, were conducted until 2007 and covered 11 years at the most. On a content level the meta-analysis revealed a coherent drift towards greater mental wellness literacy. In particular, a trend towards a biological model of schizophrenia, and a significant increase in public acceptance of medication for the treatment of the disorder could exist reported. In contrast, no alter was found in the ascription of dangerousness to people with schizophrenia, the desire for social distance had even increased [1].

In the concurrently, 3 trend studies, whose previous waves were covered in the afore mentioned meta-analysis, have seen further surveys, adding new assessments concerning public attitudes. In Germany, a 3rd survey dealing with such bug was conducted in 2011, edifice on surveys completed in 1990 and 2001, prolonging the observation period to 21 years [2]. Confirming the already reported findings of the meta-analysis [1], information technology illustrates that during this fourth dimension period the public'southward inclination to endorse a biological causation of schizophrenia and its readiness to recommend help-seeking from mental health professionals as well as using psychotropic medication and psychotherapy has increased considerably [2]. Furthermore, this study also came to the determination that the emotional reactions to people with schizophrenia have worsened and the want for social altitude has increased [2].

The second trend report originates from Australia, where, in addition to surveys in 1995 and 2003/iv, a third survey was conducted in 2011. Over a 16-years flow, belief in inherited or genetic causes of schizophrenia had increased [three]. The results also showed a growing conventionalities in the helpfulness of mental wellness professionals and psychotropic medication for the treatment of schizophrenia. Behavior about effective medications and interventions moved closer to those of mental health professionals [4]. Thus, between 2003/4 and 2011 (in that location is no information available for 1995) the perception of people with schizophrenia being dangerous increased significantly, while respondents' unwillingness to socially interact with such a person did not change significantly [5].

In the Us, in add-on to previous surveys in 1996 and 2006, a tertiary population survey was conducted in 2018. Then far only the results on the ascription of violence to people with mental illness have been published, showing that over a 22-years menstruation the percentage of the American public seeing people with schizophrenia as unsafe to others rose significantly [6].

In the present paper, we written report the results from a fourth study investigating long-term trends in attitudes and beliefs about schizophrenia. The study has been carried out in Republic of austria. The showtime survey was conducted in 1998 [7], the 2d in 2018, resulting in an observation flow of 20 years. Using data from this report, we volition examine whether the trends observed in previous studies in other countries can also be constitute in Austria.

More than specifically, nosotros will address the post-obit questions:

1. 1.

   How have the Austrian public'due south behavior nigh the causes of schizophrenia developed over the past 20 years? Has there also been a growing tendency to attribute the etiology of the illness to biogenetic factors?

2. 2.

   Does in 2018 the public show the aforementioned help-seeking reactions in case of a relative's or associate's illness as twenty years before, or are there some differences? Particularly, has in Austria, as in other countries, the readiness to seek help from mental wellness professionals increased?

3. 3.

   In which way accept the Austrian public'southward beliefs most the handling of schizophrenia inverse over the by two decades? Has in that location too been a growing credence of psychopharmacological medication?

4. four.

   How have public attitudes towards people with schizophrenia (e.m., desire for social altitude, perceived dangerousness, and attitude towards integration into society) adult in Austria since 1998?

Methods

Surveys, interviewing, and analysis

The analyses presented in this article are based on data from two population-based trend surveys among Austrian citizens. The starting time survey was conducted in 1998 (northward = 1042), the 2d in 2018 (n = 1010). In 2018, the sampling frame was based on the address register of the Austrian post, targeting individuals aged 16 years and older. A multistage random sampling has been used with a response charge per unit of 48%. In 1998, quota samples accept been fatigued.

The sociodemographic characteristics for both samples and, for comparison, those of the general population in the respective years are reported in Table ane. Since there were no statistically significant differences, the samples can be considered representative of the Austrian population in the corresponding years. A combination of design and poststratification weights was applied for descriptive purposes. The poststratification weights were calculated based on the population level distributions of educational achievements, historic period, and sexual activity. The reference for each year was the Austrian micro census, a mandatory large-scale population survey tracking the national social structure.

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of both population samples

Full size table

Fieldwork was carried out in 1998 by the Institut für Markt- und Sozialanalysen Ges.grand.b.H. (IMAS; Linz) and in 2018 by the Institut für empirische Sozialforschung GmbH (IFES; Vienna). Both companies are specialized in market and social enquiry. Informed consent was considered to have been given when individuals accepted to complete the interview.

Data collection for both presented surveys was conducted via face-to-face interviews, administrated by trained interviewers. In 1998 pen and newspaper interviews were conducted, in 2018 calculator-assisted personal interviews. In accordance with the recent methodological literature on surveys also as a case study from Austria there is no indication, that this may have introduced a substantial mode effect [viii, ix]. The interview sections used for this assay were identical in wording, reply categories and the sequence of questions. After having elicited the noesis regarding and associations with the term 'schizophrenia', respondents were presented with a brusque description (vignette) of the psychopathology of schizophrenia plus a brief delineation of a person suffering from the disorder. Then, respondents were asked a serial of questions to assess their attitudes towards people with schizophrenia as well as their causal and treatment beliefs and their potential help-seeking actions in case of a relative's/acquaintance'southward illness.

Measurements

The outset central domain discussed refers to beliefs near possible causes of schizophrenia. Respondents were confronted with a list of potential causes, comprising social–environmental factors (bad family background, bad housing weather condition), stress-related factors (nervous overstrain, stress at work, and negative life events), genetic factors, and personal factors (lack of willpower, excessive lifestyle). Using a four-point Likert calibration, respondents should signal for each crusade how frequently they believed information technology exist responsible for the etiology of schizophrenia (very frequently – rather ofttimes – rather rarely – never; practice not know).

In social club to assess respondents' help-seeking intentions they were and then asked what they would do first when someone among their relatives or acquaintances would all of a sudden suffer from such an affliction. They could choose between the post-obit options: try to talk to him/her and to solve the problem within the family; ask acquaintances or neighbors for communication; inquire a teacher or a pastor or some other person competent and experienced in such matters for advice; read a volume about this condition or consult the internet; plough to a G.P.; go to a specialist (psychiatrist or neurologist); come across a psychologist/psychotherapist; accommodate for the admission to a psychiatric hospital or a psychiatric ward in a full general hospital; do not know.

Appraisal of the effectiveness of treatment was assessed asking 'Practise you think that at that place exists an constructive treatment for someone with such an affliction?' (response categories yes, no, do not know). Respondents believing in the effectiveness of treatment were then invited to select one of the following options: Medication but; medication as first-line treatment, just also psychotherapy or counseling; psychotherapy or counseling equally first-line handling, only likewise medication; psychotherapy or counseling only; other; do not know.

Social acceptance of persons with schizophrenia was assessed by means of the following five questions, based on the social distance calibration developed by Link et al. [10]: 'Would you trust such a person to watch over your children?'; 'Supposed you were employer: Would you hire such a person?'; 'Would yous accept having such a person as your superior?' 'Would y'all concur with such a person to marry into your family?'; 'Would you feel comfy having such a person equally a neighbour?' Respondents could indicate whether they would, or would not accept, in the situations presented the person described in the vignette. In addition, 'do not know' options were provided.

Respondents' ascription of violence to people with schizophrenia was assessed request 'What about people suffering from schizophrenia: Do y'all believe they tend to exist more violent than people without mental health problems, or not?' Response categories were 'Yes, I rather tend to believe that', 'No. I practice non tend to this opinion' and 'I practise not know'.

To assess respondents' attitude towards integrating people with schizophrenia into order, they were questioned: 'Practise you think that someone with such an illness should live in our midst?)'. Respondents could reply with 'Yes', 'No' or 'I exercise not know'.

Statistical analyses presented in this commodity were done with IBM SPSS V26. As stated, the data was weighted for representation purposes; with the lowest weight practical existence 0.3 multiplier, and the highest a 3.6 multiplier. This helped to establish representation concerning the descriptive statistics. There were no indications that the applied weights influenced the multivariate analysis essentially. The analytical procedures done for the study were based on logistic regression modeling to identify significant influences on the public attitudes concerning schizophrenia, while decision-making for historic period, sex and formal education. Comparisons betwixt the surveys were based on mean-value comparisons also equally an ANOVA. The model specifications are noted in the results section of the article.

Results

Causal attributions

Every bit shown in Table 2, beyond the two decades, stress-related and genetic factors were considered as prevailing causes for schizophrenia. However, except for negative life events, in 2018 respondents tended to opt significantly less for them than 20 years agone. In comparison, over fourth dimension, rather little importance was ascribed to social–environmental and personal factors. Nonetheless, the probability that bad housing conditions equally well as a personal excessive lifestyle are seen as causes of schizophrenia has increased significantly.

Table 2 Changes in the public'south beliefs about the causes of schizophrenia betwixt 1998 and 2018

Total size table

Aid-seeking intentions

The study shows that over the last 20 years, there are only slight differences regarding intended first help-seeking actions in the example that either a relative or acquaintance is suffering from schizophrenia (see Table 3). The ranking mostly remains the same: The consultation of specialists (psychiatrist, neurologist) is still the most opted for first help-seeking activeness, followed by the attempt to talk to the concerned person or to solve the trouble within the family, which both are more ofttimes endorsed in 2018. On the contrary, turning to a general practitioner is less frequently proposed, but still ranks third. Asking acquaintances or neighbors for advice, obviously is now more than oftentimes taken into consideration than in the past. In 2018, information technology equals seeing a psychologist/psychotherapist as possible starting time source of assist. Reading a book or consulting the Cyberspace, seeking advice from competent/experienced people also as arranging the access to a psychiatric hospital are withal options chosen from but a small minority.

Table 3 Changes in help-seeking intentions between 1998 and 2018

Full size table

Treatment beliefs

The probability of the public to believe in the treatability of schizophrenia increased significantly over the last 2 decades: While in 1998 56% of those questioned shared the view that there exists an effective treatment for schizophrenia, in 2018 the proportion had increased to 75% (change + nineteen; 95% CI fifteen.23; p = 0.000). Moreover, among those in favor of treatment, a marked trend towards preference of medication over psychotherapy has emerged (see Table four). Whereas in 1998 psychotherapy, accompanied by medication, was conspicuously (sixty%) considered as first-line handling for people with schizophrenia, present "only" 31% endorse this treatment option. In contrast, in 2018 more than half of the respondents believed that medication, supported by psychotherapy, is the most master constructive treatment option; nowadays, xv% even plead for medication solitary.

Table four Changes in beliefs about the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy/counseling for the treatment of schizophrenia betwixt 1998 and 2018

Full size tabular array

Attitudes towards persons with schizophrenia

Over the past twenty years, social acceptance of people with schizophrenia has increased considerably. Every bit shown in Tabular array five, except for having such a person as neighbor, across all social situations the Austrian public has become more than willing to appoint in social relationships with someone with schizophrenia.

Table five Changes in social acceptance of people with schizophrenia between 1998 and 2018

Full size tabular array

The public's mental attitude towards the integration of people with schizophrenia into society remained pretty much the same across the last two decades. No significant changes are observable in this regard: Did in 1998 81% of respondents accept that people with schizophrenia live in their midst, in 2018 the proportion amounted to 84% (modify + 2; 95% CI 0.6; p = 0.198).

In contrast to the growing social acceptance, the probability that people with schizophrenia were perceived as violent too increased significantly over the observation period, from 55% in 1998 to threescore% in 2018 (change + 5; 95% CI 1.10; p = 0.012).

Give-and-take

Master aim of our study was to examine whether trends in public attitudes and behavior about schizophrenia, that have been observed in previous studies, tin can exist replicated in Austria.

Every bit mentioned in the introduction, parallel to developments inside psychiatry, a growing popularity of biogenetic conceptualizations of schizophrenia could exist observed among the public in other western countries [1,two,iii, 6]. Regarding this trend, it has to be stated, that this seems not to be the example for Republic of austria, where genetic factors were less ofttimes endorsed in 2018 than xx years ago.

In improver, causal factors non approved by mental health experts such as bad housing conditions or excessive personal lifestyle enjoyed in 2018 even greater approval than in 1998. Thus, in Austria the gap betwixt conceptualizations held by the general public and by mental health professionals, has not narrowed over the past 20 years. At that place are signs that the contrary may exist true. Still, the currently available data textile does not provide any satisfying answers, how such developments in Republic of austria can exist explained. Furthermore, the existing literature does not offer comparable studies that may provide boosted insights.

When it comes to help-seeking intentions and treatment beliefs, the results are mixed. During the two decades under written report, trust in the effectiveness of treatment has increased, with 65.9% (north = 621) of the surveyed individuals in 2018 favoring medication to treat schizophrenia. At the same time psychotherapy has lost footing and was more than frequently considered as an adjunct to medication, amongst those who think that schizophrenia is treatable.

So far, our findings agree with those of other trend studies [1]. Notwithstanding, and in contrast to previous studies, the Austrian public'south readiness to seek assistance from mental health professionals as showtime reaction if someone else is suffering from schizophrenia has not increased. Instead, lay help (i.e., assistance provided by family unit, friends and acquaintances) has become more than pop equally starting time source of help. Nevertheless 30% of the respondents answered that seeking professional assistance is very of import. Furthermore, the answers to the question what else someone would do, showed that in full 72% of the sample would be set to consult a psychiatrist or neurologist. Therefore, seeking professional person help used to exist and nevertheless is very important, however people adopt to talk to their acquaintances beforehand—something which has also been institute in other studies (e.g., Ref. [xi]).

This is of interest, as structural data illustrates that the number of mental health professionals in Republic of austria has increased over the last 25 years [12, xiii]. Systematically structured campaigns on mental health, in which Austria has a long tradition (east.g., the pilot project from "Open up the doors" in 1996 [fourteen, 15]), may have been limited in their numbers and effects (for an overview one may reference the 2017 contributions by Beldie and his coauthors [16]).

Our findings regarding the development of public attitudes towards those suffering from schizophrenia do only in function concur with the results of previous studies. Every bit reported in the introduction, Schomerus et al.'south [1] meta-analysis of brusk and medium range trend studies had not shown changes in the public'southward ascription of dangerousness to people with schizophrenia. However, two more recent long-term studies from Australia and the United states found, similarly to what has been observed in Austria, a significant increment in perceived dangerousness. There is evidence that the belief in dangerousness is more likely to be due to media exposure than to personal experience of violent acts past mentally ill people [17, 18]. Although the last highly publicized instance of murder committed by a mentally ill person occurred in Austria back in 2007 [19], more recent reports from other countries on trigger-happy acts past mentally ill people may have had a spill-over upshot on the Austrian public's perception. Particularly such incidents in neighboring Germany often discover broad coverage in the Austrian media, every bit, for instance, the murder suicide of the co-pilot of a Germanwings aeroplane in 2015 [20]. Moreover, media reports of multiple homicides by mentally ill people in the U.s.a. have worldwide interest and may also have impacted the Austrian public's conventionalities in the dangerousness of people with mental illness. Jorm and Reavley [fifteen] debate that in this manner, "the United states may be exporting stigma to the residue of the world" (p.215). The assumption of a link between media reporting and the ascription of violence is besides supported by the event that parallel to the growing perception that people with schizophrenia tend to violence, the proportion of respondents claiming to accept heard about schizophrenia in the context of reports on violent incidents has risen from merely 2.9% in 1998 to 24.ix% in 2018 (alter + 22; 95% CI xix.25; p < 0.001).

Although in other countries social credence of people with schizophrenia has non changed or has even changed for the worse, in Austria it has improved significantly. This is somewhat surprising concerning the afore mentioned increase in the ascription of violence. This indicates that both stigma domains may not be as closely linked, as results of some cross-exclusive studies propose [21]. Both, perceived violence and desire for social altitude, may be driven by dissimilar factors that accept developed differently over fourth dimension. Equally previous studies have shown, personal contact with people with mental disease increases the willingness to engage in a social relationship with these people (e.m., [2]). In fact, familiarity of the Austrian public with people with schizophrenia has slightly grown over the by 20 years: although in 1998 ix.4% of respondents reported to know someone with schizophrenia in their family or amongst their relatives and acquaintances, in 2018 the proportion has increased to 13.v% (change + 4; 95% CI 1.7; p = 0.005). Apart from that, a growing belief in the treatability of schizophrenia may also have contributed to the increment in social acceptance. In 1998 only 55.8% of respondents shared the view that the disorder is treatable, while 74.7% did and then 20 years subsequently (modify + nineteen; 95% CI 15.23; p < 0.001).

The increase in social acceptance coincides with a decrease of causal attributions to genetic factors. This ties into a contempo systematic review and a meta-analysis of population-based cross-sectional studies. There the authors concluded that a negative association between the ascription of biogenetic causes and social credence of people with schizophrenia exists [22, 23]. Trend studies point in the same direction, showing that a growing endorsement of biogenetic causes is accompanied past decreasing social acceptance [one]. However, our findings indicate that the inverse relationship between the two operates also the other mode around, as in Austria the social acceptance increased significantly since 1998, while genetic explanations became less pop than before.

Strengths and limitations of the study at manus

Spanning a fourth dimension flow of 20 years, our study is one of the longest vignette-based analyses of trends in public attitudes towards schizophrenia. Another strength is that in both surveys the same sampling procedure (quota sample), interview fashion (contiguous interview), and interview schedule was used, guaranteeing maximum comparability. On the other hand, the exclusive focus on attitudes may exist seen a limitation since it allows predicting behavior with merely limited accurateness. Nevertheless, as Link et al. [24] take pointed out, apart from considering them as proxy for individual behaviors, public attitudes and beliefs can be conceptualized every bit a reflection of cultural conceptions of mental affliction. Such conceptions grade a cultural context that influences the fashion nosotros call up about mental illnesses and respond to those affected. To the extent that cultural conceptions are of import, it becomes critical to sympathize them, which requires not simply a unmarried assessment but multiple assessments over long periods of fourth dimension that permit to capture variations of these phenomena. Another limitation could be seen in the use of relative curt vignettes, which tin be understood as "proxies" for more detailed vignettes meeting the criteria of currently used diagnostic systems (e.g., [25]).

Conclusion

The evolution of public beliefs about schizophrenia in Austria over the past 20 years shows a rather inconsistent blueprint: While it has to be noted, that in some respects, the behavior of the public have grown closer to the opinion of mental health professionals, in others they have not. Although there has been no increase in the readiness to seek professional aid, the number of people suggesting that medication may help has grown. Similarly, attitudes towards people with schizophrenia did non develop uniformly: On the positive side, it has to be noted that the social acceptance has increased. However, at the same fourth dimension, the ascription of violence also grew.

Furthermore, autonomously from similarities the findings evidence differences to time trend studies from other western countries. One tin only speculate why this is the case. One explanation might offer the difference in the fourth dimension period covered: While, for instance, the get-go survey was conducted in Republic of austria in 1998, in Deutschland information technology had been already in 1990. Information technology was, however, during the 1990s (the so-called "decade of the encephalon") when in Germany a marked increase in the endorsement of biogenetic causes was observed, and correspondingly a steep decline in social acceptance of people with schizophrenia. Interestingly, during the post-obit decade this development came to a halt and has even been reversed to some extent [26]. Thus, in the terminate, the discrepancies between both countries in the evolution of public beliefs and attitudes over time may take been less pronounced than ane might assume at first glance.

A lesson to be learnt from our study is that trends in attitudes and beliefs observed in one state non necessarily tin be generalized to other countries, even if they are culturally as close as Austria and Frg. This should exist kept in listen when planning awareness-raising or stigma-reducing interventions. Stigma and the forms information technology may have depend strongly on the societal context that shapes it [27]. Our longitudinal instance study in Republic of austria highlights this.

Specially disquieting is the growing ascription of violence to people with schizophrenia which is to be observed in Austria besides as in other countries. We are rather sceptic as regards the result of public campaigns, as one carried out in Austria some 20 years ago and some other one carried out only recently in Germany have failed in reducing the stereotype of dangerousness [17, 28]. In view of the afore mentioned link between media reporting and perceived violence it seems more than promising to railroad train journalists in more advisable and less scandalizing reporting most vehement incidences in which people with mental disease may be involved.

Information availability

The data are currently not publicly bachelor; rights for the data collected during the remain with the funding bureau, the involved researchers are allowed to utilize it for scientific publications.

Lawmaking availability

SPSS Syntax is bachelor; the data were processed via SPSS V26.

References

1. Schomerus 1000, Schwahn C, Holzinger A, Corrigan Pw, Grabe HJ, Carta MC, Angermeyer MC (2012) Development of public attitudes about mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 125:440–452

   CAS  Commodity  Google Scholar

2. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Schomerus Thousand (2013) Attitudes towards psychiatric handling and people with mental illness: changes over 2 decades. Br J Psychiatry 203:146–151

   Article  Google Scholar

3. Reavley NJ, Jorm AF (2014) The Australian public'southward beliefs nigh the causes of schizophrenia: associated factors and change over sixteen years. Psychiatry Res 220:609–614

   Article  Google Scholar

4. Reavley NJ, Jorm AF (2012) Public recognition of mental disorders and beliefs about treatment: changes in Commonwealth of australia over 16 years. Br J Psychiatry 200:419–425

   Article  Google Scholar

5. Reavley NJ, Jorm AF (2012) Stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental disorders: changes in Australia over 8 years. Psychiatry Res 197:301–306

   Article  Google Scholar

6. Pescosolido BA, Manago B, Monahan J (2019) Evolving public views on the likelihood of violence from people with mental disease: Stigma and its consequences. Health Affairs 38:1735–1743

   Article  Google Scholar

7. Grausgruber A, Katschnig H, Meise U, Schöny West (2001) Einstellungen der österreichischen Bevölkerung zu Schizophrenie [Attitudes of the Austrian public towards schizophrenia]. Neuropsychiatrie 16:54–67

   Google Scholar

8. Vannieuwenhuyze JT (2015) Mode effects on variances, covariances, standard deviations, and correlations. J Surv Stat Methodol 3(3):296–316

   Commodity  Google Scholar

9. Prandner D, Röser A (2017) Questions of quality—is data quality still tied to survey mode? An Austrian case study dealing with attitudes concerning refugees. Medien J 41:49–63

   Google Scholar

10. Link BG, Cullen FT, Frank J, Wozniak JF (1987) The social rejection of one-time mental patients: understanding why labels matter. Am J Sociol 92:1461–1500

    Article  Google Scholar

11. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Riedel-Heller SG (2001) What to do about mental disorder—assist-seeking recommendation of the lay public. Acta Psychiatry Scand 103:220–225

    CAS  Commodity  Google Scholar

12. Sagerschnig S, Tanios A (2016) Psychotherapie, Klinische Psychologie, Gesundheitspsychologie. Statistik der Berufsgruppen 1991–2015 [Psychotherapy, clinical psychology, health psychology. Statistics for the professions between 1991 and 2015]. Gesundheit Österreich, Vienna. https://jasmin.goeg.at/413/1/Berufsgruppen_1991-2016_0-PDF_final.pdf. Accessed 10 Jun 2020

13. Hauptverband der österreichischen Sozialversicherungsträger (2017) Vertragsärztinnen und -ärzte in Österreich. Bestandsaufnahme und Analyse. Wien https://www.sozialversicherung.at/cdscontent/load?contentid=10008.714994&version=1490770055. Accessed 20 Aug 2020

14. Schöny, W (no Yr) Open the doors – local activity groups – Austria. https://www.openthedoors.com/english/01_05_01.html. Accessed 10 Jun 2020

15. Schleicher F, Schöny W (2005) AUSTRIA—reducing the stigma of mental illness. In: Sartorius N, Schulze H (eds) Reducing the stigma of mental illness: a report from a global association. Cambridge Academy Press, Cambridge, pp 42–46

    Google Scholar

16. Beldie A, Brain C, Figueira ML, Filipci I, Jakovljevic M, Jarema 1000 et al (2017) Stigma in midsize European countries. In: Gaebel W, Rössler West, Sartorius N (eds) The stigma of mental illness-end of the story?. Springer, Cham, pp 417–432

    Chapter  Google Scholar

17. Jorm AF, Reavley NJ (2014) Public belief that mentally sick people are violent: is the Usa exporting stigma to the rest of the world? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 48:213–215

    Commodity  Google Scholar

18. Reavley NJ, Jorm AF, Morgan AJ (2016) Beliefs nearly dangerousness of people with mental health problems: the role of media reports and personal exposure to threat or impairment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol 51:1257–1264

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

19. Grausgruber A, Schöny W, Grausgruber-Berner R, Koren Yard, Apor BF, Wancata J, Meise U (2009) „Schizophrenie chapeau viele Gesichter" – Evaluierung der österreichischen Anti-Stigma-Kampagne 2000–2002 [Schizophrenia has many faces—evaluating the Austrian Anti-Stigma-Campaign 2000–2002]. Psychiatr Prax 36(07):327–333

    Article  Google Scholar

20. Schomerus G, Stolzenburg S, Angermeyer MC (2015) Impact of the Germanwings plane crash on mental illness stigma—results from ii population surveys in Frg before and later on the incident. World Psychiatry 14:362–363

    Article  Google Scholar

21. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H (2003) The stigma of mental illness: effects of labelling on public attitudes towards people with mental disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 108:304–309

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

22. Angermeyer MC, Holzinger A, Carta MG, Schomerus G (2011) Biogenetic explanations and public acceptance of mental illness. A systematic review of population studies. Br J Psychiatry 199:367–372

    Article  Google Scholar

23. Kvaale EP, Gottdiener WH, Haslam Northward (2013) Biogenetic explanations and stigma: a meta-analytic review of associations amid laypeople. Soc Sci Med 96:95–103

    Article  Google Scholar

24. Link BG, Angermeyer MC, Phelan J (2011) Public attitudes towards people with mental illness. In: Thornicroft G, Szmukler Thousand, Mueser KT, Drake RE (eds) Oxford textbook of community mental health. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 253–259

    Google Scholar

25. Pescosolido BA, Medina TR, Martin JK (2013) The "Backbone" of stigma: identifying the global core of public prejudice associated. Am J Public Wellness 103(5):853–860

    Article  Google Scholar

26. Schomerus One thousand, Von der Auwera S, Matschinger H, Baumeister SE, Angermeyer MC (2015) Do attitudes towards persons with mental affliction worsen during the grade of life? An age-period-accomplice assay. Acta Psychiatr Scand 132:357–364

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

27. Angermeyer MC, Carta MG, Matschinger H, Millier A, Refaï T, Schomerus Chiliad, Toumi M (2016) Cultural differences in stigma surrounding schizophrenia: comparison between Primal Europe and Northward Africa. Br J Psychiatry 208:389–397

    Article  Google Scholar

28. Makowski AC, Mnich EE, Ludwig J, Daubmann A, Bock T, Lambert Thou, Härter 1000, Dirmaier J, Tlach Fifty, Liebherz Due south, Von dem Knesebeck O (2016) Changes in beliefs and attitudes toward people with depression and schizophrenia—results of a public entrada in Deutschland. Psychiatry Res 237:271–278

    Article  Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Werner Schöny (pro mente Austria, Linz) for his recommendations and suggestions concerning this newspaper, and Heinz Katschnig (former: Medical University of Vienna, Section of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy) and Werner Schöny for their leading contributions to the survey in 1998.

Funding

Open up access funding provided by Johannes Kepler University Linz.. The report was carried out inside the context of the project Monitoring Public Stigma in Austria 1998–2018 (MOPUSTIA18) which is supported by a grant from the Mutual Wellness Targets by the frame contract from Austrian Pharmaceutical Industries and Social Insurance (Original: Gemeinsame Gesundheitsziele aus dem Rahmen-Pharmavertrag, eine Kooperation von österreichischer Pharmawirtschaft und Sozialversicherung) (Grant 99901008400).

Author information

Affiliations

1. Eye for Public Mental Health, Untere Zeile 13, 3482, Gösing am Wagram, Austria

   Matthias C. Angermeyer

2. Department for Folklore - Empirical Social Inquiry Unit, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria

   Alfred Grausgruber, Elisabeth Hackl, Robert Moosbrugger & Dimitri Prandner

3. Section for Political Science and Sociology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Kapitelgasse 4/6, 5020, Salzburg, Austria

   Dimitri Prandner

Contributions

AG, MA, and RM designed the report, RM, AG, and EH did the statistical analysis, MA and DP interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the terminal manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alfred Grausgruber.

Ideals declarations

Conflict of involvement

All authors declare to take no conflicts of involvement.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed nether a Creative Eatables Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Eatables licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party fabric in this commodity are included in the article's Artistic Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the fabric. If material is non included in the article's Artistic Eatables licence and your intended utilise is non permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a re-create of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and Permissions

Nearly this article

Cite this article

Angermeyer, Thousand.C., Grausgruber, A., Hackl, Eastward. et al. Evolution of public beliefs about schizophrenia and attitudes towards those afflicted in Republic of austria over two decades. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 56, 1427–1435 (2021). https://doi.org/x.1007/s00127-020-01963-0

Download citation

• Received: 03 July 2020

• Accepted: 23 September 2020

• Published: 30 October 2020

• Issue Engagement: August 2021

• DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01963-0

Keywords

• Attitudes
• Behavior
• Schizophrenia
• Austria
• Time trend

rodriguezseseatity80.blogspot.com

Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-020-01963-0

Share this post